Papers behind the data

U3DWind: A low altitude wind field dataset and benchmark for urban air mobility ↗ doi:10.1016/j.ast.2026.114092

Dataset: Building-resolved LES wind fields for Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong (U3DWind)

Building a general and data-efficient convolutional neural network-based model for fast urban flow estimation ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114488

Software: FLICK: fast urban wind-field prediction from building geometry

Modeling outdoor heat stress at meter-scale resolution: Validation of the UrbClim-HiREx framework ↗ doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000973

Dataset: Metre-scale heat stress simulations of Ghent (June 2023 heatwave)

Multi‐scale flow analysis for scale‐aware urban canopy models ↗ doi:10.1002/qj.70305

Dataset: Multi-scale flow analysis for scale-aware urban canopy models

The INFLUX network – eddy covariance in and around an urban environment ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-18-823-2026

Dataset: Urban and suburban eddy-covariance fluxes from towers in Indianapolis (INFLUX)

A Machine Learning Algorithm to Convert Geostationary Satellite LST to Air Temperature Using In Situ Measurements: A Case Study in Rome and High-Resolution Spatio-Temporal UHI Analysis ↗ doi:10.3390/rs17030468

Dataset: Weather station network, Rome (ASTI)

A study of gust wind speed using a novel unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112323

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

CMAB: A Multi-Attribute Building Dataset of China ↗ doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04730-5

Dataset: Building footprints with height, function and age for 3,667 Chinese cities (CMAB)

CoURAGE! The Coast-Urban-Rural Atmospheric Gradient Experiment ↗ doi:10.5194/icuc12-507

Dataset: Urban, rural and bay boundary-layer gradient observations around Baltimore (ARM CoURAGE)

Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies ↗ doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98893-6

Dataset: Doppler lidar measurements of downslope windstorms over Genoa (ERIES-LIDAR)

Harmonised boundary layer wind profile dataset from six ground-based doppler wind lidars in a transect across Paris, France ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-2025-167

Dataset: urbisphere Doppler wind lidar: Paris

Harmonised boundary layer wind profile dataset from six ground-based Doppler wind lidars in a transect across Paris, France ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-17-6507-2025

Dataset: urbisphere Doppler wind lidar: Paris

High spatio-temporal and continuous monitoring of outdoor thermal comfort in urban areas: A generic and modular sensor network and outreach platform ↗ doi:10.1016/j.scs.2024.105991

Dataset: Street-level weather station network, Freiburg

Monitoring Microscale Heat Stress Patterns in a Medium-Dense Urban Area with Green Spaces ↗ doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-24-0243.1

Dataset: Microscale heat stress observations in Ghent

Observations of tall-building wakes using a scanning Doppler lidar ↗ doi:10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025

Dataset: Doppler lidar and sonic anemometer observations of tall-building wakes, London

Studying Aerosol, Clouds, and Air Quality in the Coastal Urban Environment of Southeastern Texas ↗ doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0331.1

Dataset: Coastal-urban boundary-layer and convection observations around Houston (ARM TRACER)

The Baltimore Social-Environmental Collaborative integrated urban observing system ↗ doi:10.5194/icuc12-688

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind, turbulence and boundary-layer height over Baltimore

The CROCUS Measurement Strategy ↗ doi:10.5194/icuc12-438

Dataset: Urban eddy-covariance fluxes and turbulence near highways in Chicago (CROCUS)

The Turbulent Flow within a Wind-Aligned Street Canyon with Trees: an Experimental Study ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-025-00914-z

Dataset: Wind tunnel measurements of concentration and velocity in urban geometries with trees

Urban microscale simulations based on a Local Climate Zone wizard: Concept and validation using the PALM model system ↗ doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102576

Software: LCZ-wizard: idealised urban geometry from local climate zones

UrbanTALES: A comprehensive dataset of Urban Turbulent Airflow using systematic Large Eddy Simulations ↗ doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-25-0061.1

Dataset: UrbanTALES: realistic urban neighbourhoods

Dataset: UrbanTALES: idealised building blocks

Using Gradient Boosting for gap-filling to analyze temperature and humidity patterns in an urban weather station network in Freiburg, Germany ↗ doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102496

Dataset: Street-level weather station network, Freiburg

3D-GloBFP: the first global three-dimensional building footprint dataset ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024

Dataset: Global 3D building footprints with heights (3D-GloBFP)

A conservative immersed boundary method for the multi-physics urban large-eddy simulation model uDALES v2.0 ↗ doi:10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024

Software: uDALES: large-eddy simulation software for urban flow, dispersion and microclimate

Advances on the Global Human Settlement Layer by joint assessment of Earth Observation and population survey data ↗ doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2390454

Dataset: Global 100 m average building height (GHSL built-up height)

Challenges of constructing and selecting the “perfect” boundary conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM ↗ doi:10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024

Dataset: Urban climate and air quality scenario simulations, Bergen and Prague (TURBAN)

Effect of Flow Variability on Dispersion of Continuous and Puff Releases in a Regular Street Network ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-024-00863-z

Dataset: DNS of turbulent flow over regular cuboid arrays (DIPLOS geometry)

GLObal Building heights for Urban Studies (UT-GLOBUS) for city- and street- scale urban simulations: Development and first applications ↗ doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03719-w

Dataset: Global building heights for urban studies (UT-GLOBUS)

Influence of Street Trees on Turbulent Fluctuations and Transport Processes in an Urban Canyon: A Wind Tunnel Study ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-023-00843-9

Dataset: Wind tunnel measurements of concentration and velocity in urban geometries with trees

Methodology to evaluate numerical weather predictions using large‐aperture scintillometry sensible heat fluxes: Demonstration in London ↗ doi:10.1002/qj.4837

Dataset: Operational NWP output for evaluating urban sensible heat fluxes, London (two days)

Modular approach to near-time data management for multi-city atmospheric environmental observation campaigns ↗ doi:10.5194/gi-13-393-2024

Dataset: Street-level weather station network, Freiburg

Dataset: urbisphere Doppler wind lidar: Paris

Dataset: Street-level weather station network, Bristol

Observation of Daily Wind (Strong to Medium-low Winds) Characteristics Using Doppler Lidar ↗ doi:10.5359/jawe.49.94

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

Overview of Past Observations ↗ doi:10.5359/jawe.49.79

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

urbisphere-Berlin Campaign: Investigating Multiscale Urban Impacts on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ↗ doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0030.1

Dataset: urbisphere radiation measurements: Berlin

A first Chinese building height estimate at 10 m resolution (CNBH-10 m) using multi-source earth observations and machine learning ↗ doi:10.1016/j.rse.2023.113578

Dataset: 10 m building-height map of China for 2020 (CNBH-10m)

Causality analysis of large-scale structures in the flow around a wall-mounted square cylinder ↗ doi:10.1017/jfm.2023.423

Dataset: DNS of urban turbulent flow for sensor placement and reconstruction (Diff-SPORT)

Dissimilarity of Turbulent Transport of Momentum and Heat Under Unstable Conditions Linked to Convective Circulations ↗ doi:10.1029/2022JD037997

Dataset: Multi-level sonic-anemometer turbulence from the Tianjin 255 m tower (summer 2017)

EUBUCCO v0.1: European building stock characteristics in a common and open database for 200+ million individual buildings ↗ doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02040-2

Dataset: Harmonised building footprints and heights for Europe (EUBUCCO)

Heat exposure variations and mitigation in a densely populated neighborhood during a hot day: Towards a people-oriented approach to urban climate management ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110564

Dataset: Heat exposure and mitigation in a densely populated neighbourhood on a hot day

Measuring the urban heat island of Rome through a dense weather station network and remote sensing imperviousness data ↗ doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101355

Dataset: Weather station network, Rome (ASTI)

Role of 3D city model data as open digital commons: a case study of openness in Japan's digital twin "Project PLATEAU" ↗ doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W7-2023-201-2023

Dataset: Open 3D city models of over 300 Japanese cities (PLATEAU)

A global map of local climate zones to support earth system modelling and urban-scale environmental science ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-14-3835-2022

Dataset: Global map of Local Climate Zones

A Succession of Cloud, Precipitation, Aerosol, and Air Quality Field Experiments in the Coastal Urban Environment ↗ doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0104.1

Dataset: Coastal-urban boundary-layer and convection observations around Houston (ARM TRACER)

An experimental investigation of a roof-mounted horizontal-axis wind turbine in an idealized urban environment ↗ doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.035

Dataset: Wind-tunnel study of a roof-mounted wind turbine in an idealised urban array

Automated 3D Reconstruction of LoD2 and LoD1 Models for All 10 Million Buildings of the Netherlands ↗ doi:10.14358/PERS.21-00032R2

Dataset: 3D building models of the Netherlands, LoD1 to LoD2.2 (3DBAG)

Comparison between Field Measurement and Wind Tunnel Experiments of Gas Dispersion in an Urban Area and Verification of Similarity Law ↗ doi:10.5359/jwe.47.39

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

High resolution wind-tunnel investigation about the effect of street trees on pollutant concentration and street canyon ventilation ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109763

Dataset: Wind tunnel measurements of concentration and velocity in urban geometries with trees

High-fidelity simulation of the effects of street trees, green roofs and green walls on the distribution of thermal exposure in Prague-Dejvice ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109484

Dataset: Street trees, green roofs and green walls and thermal exposure, Prague-Dejvice

Quality control and correction method for air temperature data from a citizen science weather station network in Leuven, Belgium ↗ doi:10.5194/essd-14-4681-2022

Dataset: Citizen-science weather station network, Leuven (Leuven.cool)

uDALES 1.0: a large-eddy simulation model for urban environments ↗ doi:10.5194/gmd-15-5309-2022

Software: uDALES: large-eddy simulation software for urban flow, dispersion and microclimate

Air quality impacts of the 2019–2020 Black Summer wildfires on Australian schools ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118450

Dataset: Schools weather and air quality network, Sydney (SWAQ metadata)

Can local fieldwork help to represent intra-urban variability of canopy parameters relevant for tropical African climate studies? ↗ doi:10.1007/s00704-021-03733-7

Dataset: Urban canopy parameter field measurements in Kampala, Uganda

Hourly evolution of intra-urban temperature variability across the local climate zones. The case of Madrid ↗ doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100921

Dataset: Hourly intra-urban temperature and relative humidity for Madrid

Large-scale estimation of buildings’ thermal load using LiDAR data ↗ doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110626

Dataset: 3D city model of Celje with material properties for urban simulations

Parameter-Free Half-Spaces Based 3D Building Reconstruction Using Ground and Segmented Building Points from Airborne LiDAR Data with 2D Outlines ↗ doi:10.3390/rs13214430

Dataset: 3D city model of Celje with material properties for urban simulations

uDALES: large-eddy-simulation software for urban flow, dispersion, and microclimate modelling ↗ doi:10.21105/joss.03055

Software: uDALES: large-eddy simulation software for urban flow, dispersion and microclimate

Utilizing dynamic parallelism in CUDA to accelerate a 3D red-black successive over relaxation wind-field solver ↗ doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.104958

Software: QES (QUIC EnvSim): fast GPU urban wind, turbulence and dispersion model

A Technical Overview of the New York State Mesonet Standard Network ↗ doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0220.1

Dataset: Weather, profiler and rooftop flux networks in New York City (NYS Mesonet)

Drag Distribution in Idealized Heterogeneous Urban Environments ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-020-00567-0

Software: Urban Landscape Generator (citygenerator)

Impacts of town characteristics on the changing urban climate in Vantaa ↗ doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138471

Dataset: Town characteristics and urban climate simulations for Vantaa

Multidimensional index of fuel poverty in deprived neighbourhoods. Case study of Madrid ↗ doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110205

Dataset: Urban canyon climate monitoring in vulnerable Madrid neighborhoods

Observational assessment of applicability of Pasquill stability class in urban areas for detection of neutrally stratified wind profiles ↗ doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104337

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

Wake Characteristics of Tall Buildings in a Realistic Urban Canopy ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-019-00450-7

Dataset: Southwark tall buildings: wind-tunnel flow and dispersion

Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: overview of the Silsoe field campaign. ↗ doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2018.02.010

Dataset: Full-scale ventilation of the Silsoe cube, isolated and in an array (Refresh Cube)

Experimental investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer flow past a building model with openings ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.049

Dataset: CUBE: stereo PIV and surface pressure around an idealised cubic building

Large-eddy simulation of flow and pollutant dispersion in a 3D urban street model located in an unstable boundary layer ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.015

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Turbulent Flow Over Large Roughness Elements: Effect of Frontal and Plan Solidity on Turbulence Statistics and Structure ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-017-0317-3

Dataset: Wind-tunnel PIV of boundary layers over multiscale urban roughness

Variability of urban surface temperatures and implications for aerodynamic energy exchange in unstable conditions ↗ doi:10.1002/qj.3325

Dataset: LUMA: London Micrometeorological Data Archive

A probabilistic approach to the energy-saving potential of natural ventilation: Effect of approximation method for approaching wind velocity ↗ doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.008

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

Impact of roof height non-uniformity on pollutant transport between a street canyon and intersections ↗ doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.073

Dataset: Wind-tunnel flow and pollutant exchange between a street canyon and intersections

Observational study of power-law approximation of wind profiles within an urban boundary layer for various wind conditions ↗ doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2017.02.003

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

Scalar fluxes near a tall building in an aligned array of rectangular buildings ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-017-0308-4

Dataset: LES and DNS of flow and dispersion around a tall building in an array (DIPLOS)

Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense urban environment using scintillometry ↗ doi:10.1002/qj.2967

Dataset: LUMA: London Micrometeorological Data Archive

Effect of diurnal variation in wind velocity profiles on ventilation performance estimates ↗ doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.075

Dataset: Doppler lidar wind profiles over Tokyo (2013–2014)

Evaluation of Local-Scale Models for Accidental Releases in Built Environments: Results of the Modelling Exercises in Cost Action ES1006 ↗ doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_79

Dataset: Field and wind-tunnel tracer dispersion in a Central European city centre (COST ES1006 CUTE)

LES validation of urban flow, part I: flow statistics and frequency distributions ↗ doi:10.1007/s10652-016-9507-7

Dataset: Wind-tunnel LES validation data for an idealised European city, a cube array and approach boundary layers (CEDVAL-LES)

Measurements and Computations of Flow in an Urban Street System ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-016-0200-7

Dataset: DNS of turbulent flow over regular cuboid arrays (DIPLOS geometry)

Dataset: Wind-tunnel flow and dispersion over an idealised street network (DIPLOS)

Ten years of eddy covariance measurements in Basel, Switzerland: Seasonal and interannual variabilities of urban CO 2 mole fraction and flux ↗ doi:10.1002/2016JD025063

Dataset: Long-term urban eddy-covariance fluxes over Basel

Wind Tunnel Experiment and Large Eddy Simulation of Pollutant/Thermal Dispersion in Non-isothermal Turbulent Boundary Layer ↗ doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55912-2_9

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Meteorology, Air Quality, and Health in London: The ClearfLo Project ↗ doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00245.1

Dataset: ClearfLo: London boundary-layer and air-quality campaign 2011–12

Precipitation over urban areas in the western Maritime Continent using a convection-permitting model ↗ doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2893-6

Dataset: 2 km urban climate simulations of Kuala Lumpur

The effect of the urban environment on wind driven infiltration of buildings ↗

Dataset: Wind-driven air infiltration into a London building: field and physical model (ACTUAL)

Evaluation of Air Pollution Models for Their Use in Emergency Response Tools in Built Environments: The ‘Michelstadt’ Case Study in COST ES1006 ACTION ↗ doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_64

Dataset: Wind-tunnel dispersion from continuous and puff releases in an idealised European city (COST ES1006 Michelstadt)

都市域における屋外実測と風洞実験による汚染物質拡散予測について ↗ doi:10.14887/kazekosymp.23.0_31

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Observations of wind speed profiles over Greater London, UK, using a Doppler lidar ↗ doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2013.07.019

Dataset: Urban atmospheric field experiments in London (ACTUAL)

Atmospheric chemistry and physics in the atmosphere of a developed megacity (London): an overview of the REPARTEE experiment and its conclusions ↗ doi:10.5194/acp-12-3065-2012

Dataset: REPARTEE: London air pollution field campaigns 2006–07

Seasonal and annual variation of carbon dioxide surface fluxes in Helsinki, Finland, in 2006–2010 ↗ doi:10.5194/acp-12-8475-2012

Dataset: Long-term urban eddy-covariance fluxes over Helsinki (SMEAR III Kumpula)

都市街区内の非等温流れ場における汚染物質拡散・熱拡散に関する風洞実験とLES ↗ doi:10.14887/kazekosymp.22.0.61.0

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Boundary layer dynamics over London, UK, as observed using Doppler lidar during REPARTEE-II ↗ doi:10.5194/acp-11-2111-2011

Dataset: Doppler lidar urban boundary-layer structure over London (REPARTEE)

Momentum and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budgets Within the Park Avenue Street Canyon During the Joint Urban 2003 Field Campaign ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-011-9610-8

Dataset: Tracer and meteorology field campaign in downtown Oklahoma City (Joint Urban 2003)

The COST 732 Best Practice Guideline for CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment: a summary ↗ doi:10.1504/ijep.2011.038443

Dataset: Wind-tunnel flow and dispersion in the MUST container-array geometry (COST 732)

Urban tracer dispersion experiments during the second DAPPLE field campaign in London 2004 ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.007

Dataset: Field tracer experiments in central London (DAPPLE, 2004)

A field study of factors influencing the concentrations of a traffic-related pollutant in the vicinity of a complex urban junction ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.047

Dataset: Field measurements of flow at a London intersection (DAPPLE)

Dispersion Experiments in Central London: The 2007 DAPPLE project ↗ doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2638.1

Dataset: Intensive tracer and flow experiments in central London (DAPPLE, 2007)

Large-eddy simulation for flow and dispersion in urban streets ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.016

Dataset: LES of flow and multi-tracer dispersion in a realistic urban area

Referencing of street-level flows measured during the DAPPLE 2004 campaign ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.021

Dataset: Rooftop meteorological data from the BT Tower, London (DAPPLE)

AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings ↗ doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.058

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Large-Eddy Simulation of Flows over Random Urban-like Obstacles ↗ doi:10.1007/s10546-008-9290-1

Dataset: LES of flow, turbulence and dispersion over random urban-like arrays (URBAN CFD)

The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment ↗ doi:10.1007/s00703-008-0289-4

Dataset: Year-long urban energy-balance and boundary-layer campaign in Toulouse (CAPITOUL)

BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project ↗ doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0117-9

Dataset: Urban, suburban and rural flux, profile and tracer measurements in Basel (BUBBLE)

Flow field measurements in the proximity of an urban intersection in London, UK ↗ doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.015

Dataset: Street-canyon wind measurements near a London intersection (DAPPLE)

Introduction to the DAPPLE Air Pollution Project ↗ doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.020

Dataset: Traffic and air pollution data at a central London intersection (DAPPLE)

Dataset: Wind measurements at the Marylebone Road pollution hotspot, London (DAPPLE)

複合建物モデル周辺気流のCFDベンチマークテスト（その３） ↗ doi:10.14887/jaweam.2003.0.41.0

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

A 6 m cube in an atmospheric boundary layer flow (parts 1 and 2) ↗

Dataset: CWE2000 cube flow validation (Silsoe)

Comparison of various k-ε models and DSM applied to flow around a high-rise building - report on AIJ cooperative project for CFD prediction of wind environment - ↗ doi:10.12989/was.2002.5.2_3_4.227

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)

Near Wall Flow over Urban-like Roughness ↗ doi:10.1023/A:1016060103448

Dataset: Wind-tunnel measurements of rough-wall boundary layers over urban-like roughness

Overview of URBAN 2000: A Multiscale Field Study of Dispersion through an Urban Environment ↗ doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0521:OOUAMF>2.3.CO;2

Dataset: Urban tracer and meteorology experiment, downtown Salt Lake City (URBAN 2000)

High-resolution wind-tunnel datasets from the University of Hamburg: validation of street canyon dispersion models ↗ doi:10.1504/ijep.2001.000624

Dataset: Wind-tunnel flow and dispersion around single buildings, street canyons and building arrays (CEDVAL)

Turbulent measurments of the flow field around a high-rise building ↗ doi:10.5359/jawe.1998.76_55

Dataset: AIJ urban wind environment benchmark cases (A–M)